TENSES

assorted tenses

Tenses is a verb-based method is used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completion, of an action or circumstances relating to the time talking. So the concept of tenses is a method commonly used to refer to the time - past (past), current (present), and future (future)

PRESENT TENSE

⦁ SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The tenses are used to indicate something permanent, custom or essential truth that occurring in the present (PRESENT).

FORMULA

(+) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We) + Verb 1

Subject (S) (He, She, It) + Verb 1 (s / es)

(-) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We) + do + not + Verb 1

Subject (S) (He, She, It) + Does not + Verb + 1

(?) Do + Subject (s) (I, You, They, We) + Verb 1?

Does + Subject (S) (He, She, It) + Verb 1?

Example:

(+) He studies English everynight.

(-) He does not study English everynight.

(?) Does he study English everynight?

⦁ CONTINUOUS PRESENT TENSE

The tenses are used to express an action that is actually being done at this time or ongoing.

FORMULA

(+) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We) + to be (am / acre) Verb + 1-ing

Subject (S) (He, She, It) + to be (is) Verb + 1-ing

(-) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We) + to be (am / are) not + Verb + 1-ing

Subject (S) (He, She, It) + to be (is) not + Verb + 1-ing

(?) To be (am / acre) + Subject (s) (I, You, They, We) Verb + 1-ing?

To be (is) + Subject (S) (He, She, It) Verb + 1-ing?

Example:

(+) She is eating a cake

(-) She is not eating a cake

(?) Is she eating a cake?

⦁ PERFECT PRESENT TENSE

These tenses are used to tell a good experience that has happened or has happened.

FORMULA

(+) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We) + have + Verb 3

Subject (S) (He, She, It) + has + Verb 3

(-) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We) + have + not + Verb 3

Subject (S) (He, She, It) + has + not + Verb 3

(?) Have + Subject (s) (I, You, They, We) + Verb 3?

Has + Subject (S) (He, She, It) + Verb 3?

Example:

(+) I have finished my homework

(-) I have not finished my homework

(?) Have I finished my homework?

⦁ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to indicate that something that started in the past and continue to do until now.

FORMULA

(+) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We) + have + been + Verb-ing

Subject (S) (He, She, It) + has + been + Verb-ing

(-) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We) + have + not + been + Verb-ing

Subject (S) (He, She, It) + has + not + been + Verb-ing

(?) Have + Subject (s) (I, You, They, We) + been + Verb-ing?

Has + Subject (S) (He, She, It) + been + Verb-ing?

Example:

(+) Sean have been sleeping for three hours

(-) Sean have not been sleeping for three hours

(?) Have Sean've been sleeping for three hours?

⦁ PAST TENSE

⦁ SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Simple Past is used for menyatan facts or events which occurred in the past. The past could mean 5 minutes ago, an hour ago, a day ago, and so on. The verb used is the second form of the verb, verbs can be regular or irregular verbs.

FORMULA

(+) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + Verb 2

(-) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + did + not + Verb 1

(?) Did + Subject (s) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + Verb 1?

Example:

(+) They played basketball lastnight.

(-) They did not play basketball lastnight.

(?) Did they play basketball lastnight?

⦁ CONTINUOUS PAST TENSE

Past Continuous Tense is used to express when we are in the midst of events or do something at a certain moment in the past.

FORMULA

(+) Subject (S) (You, They, We) + to be (were) Verb + 1-ing

Subject (s) (I, He, She, It) + to be (was) Verb + 1-ing

(-) Subject (S) (You, They, We) + to be (were) not + Verb + 1-ing

Subject (s) (I, He, She, It) + to be (was) not + Verb + 1-ing

(?) To be (were) + Subject (S) (You, They, We) Verb + 1-ing?

To be (was) + Subject (s) (I, He, She, It) Verb + 1-ing?

Example:

(+) Chef Billy was cooking a fried rice.

(-) Chef Billy was not cooking a fried rice.

(?) Was Billy Chef cooking a f ried rice?

⦁ PAST PERFECT TENSE

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past happened. It can also indicate that something happened before a certain time in the past.

FORMULA

(+) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + had + Verb 3

(-) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + had + not + Verb 3

(?) Had + Subject (s) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + Verb 3?

Example:

(+) We had arrived at the school.

(-) We had not arrived at the school

(?) Had we arrived at the school?

⦁ PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to indicate that something that started in the past and continues until another time in the past.

FORMULA

(+) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + had + been + Verb-ing

(-) Subject (s) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + had + not + been + Verb-ing

(?) Had + Subject (s) (I, You, They, We, He, She, It) + been + Verb-ing?

Example:

(+) Lea and Bob had been working together since 1990.

(-) Lea and Bob had not been working together since 1990.

(?) Had Lea and Bob has been working together since 1990?

TOEFL AND TOEIC

EXPLAIN BETWEEN TOEFL AND TOEIC

                The TOEFL measures the test-takers ability to function in an English-speaking academic environment. The target test-taker for the TOEFL is a candidate for higher education in an English-speaking country.

The TOEIC on the other hand, measures the ability to function in a general work environment. This test is used in nonacademic settings as a measure of the ability of a current or potential employee to communicate effectively in English in a variety of business settings and situations.

v What’s the difference between TOEFL and TOEIC ?

              According to the Educational Testing Service, the organization that makes both tests,

TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is meant to evaluate the English ability of those interested in academic study. Japanese students who plan to study abroad, for example, must usually take this in order to be accepted by North American colleges and universities.

TOEFL is also used as a placement test, as a test to measure progress in a language-training program, and as an "exit test" to make sure that students have reached a certain level of English ability when they finish a program of language study.

TOEIC is intended to measure English ability in the global workplace. Companies often use it to make decisions about recruitment, promotion, and sending employees overseas. TOEIC is also used as a placement test, as a means of measuring the effectiveness of language-training programs, and as an exit test for such programs.TOEIC has a prayer of tests That tests reading and listening with scores range 10-990. While the TOEFL has three kinds choice tests of which is PBT (Paper Based Test), CBT (Computer Based Test), and IBT (Internet Based Test). TOEFL score is based test PBT (310-677), cbt (30-300), and ibt (8-1 ***).

TOEFL, in other words, focuses on how language is used in academic contexts, while TOEIC focuses on how language used in global business and commerce.

v  Test Formats

            The TOEFL is a four-section test that includes sections for reading, listening, speaking and writing. It is taken exclusively on the computer. The TOEIC is broken into two separate but complementary exams: the Reading and Listening Test, which is a paper-and-pencil test, and the Speaking and Writing Test, which is taken on a computer. The exams are broken up in this way so potential employers can choose to measure an employee's reading and listening or speaking and writing skills only, or all four language skills. The Reading and Listening Test will take about two-and-a-half hours to complete, and for the Speaking and Writing Test, the speaking section will last about 20 minutes, and the writing section will take 60 minutes to complete.

v  Test Content

          In the TOEFL, the test-taker is measured on his ability to function in an academic environment. In this regard, the vocabulary on this test is academic in nature and is similar to the vocabulary used in college text books. The topics of the reading and listening passages are similarly academic. You may read a passage on bird migration, for example, or listen to a lecture from an economics course. The TOEIC, on the other hand, measures the test - takers ability to function in a business environment. Topics may range from dining out in a restaurant to presenting in a budget meeting.

v  Test Scores

           On the TOEFL IBT, the maximum possible score is 120 -- 30 points for each of the four sections. There is no "passing score" and colleges and universities will have their own requirements for admission, which test-takers can find information about through the admissions office. The TOEIC Reading and Listening test gives the test-taker a score of 10 to 990, which corresponds to bands in the Common European Framework measure of English proficiency. A test-taker will receive scores of zero to 200 for the Speaking and Writing Tests separately, again which corresponds to the CEF standards of English-language proficiency measurements.

EXAMPLES FOR TOEFL AND TOEIC

v  Examples for TOEFL Structure :

1. _____ the demands of aerospace, medicine, and agriculture, aengineers, are creating exotic new metallic substances.
    (A) Meet
    (B) Being met are
    (C) To meet
    (D) They are meeting

2. _______ James A. Bland, “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” was adopted is the state song of Virginia in 1940.
    (A) Was written b
    (B) His writing was
    (C) He wrote the
    (D) Written by

3. Mary Garden, ______ the early 1900’s was considered one of the best singing actresses of her time.
    (A) a soprano was popular
    (B) in a popular soprano
    (C) was a popular soprano
    (D) a popular soprano in

4. In the realm of psychological theory Margaret F. Washburn was a dualist _____ that motor phenomena have an essential role in psychology.
    (A) who she believed
    (B) who believed
    (C) believed
    (D) who did she believe

v  Examples for TOEFL Written Expression

16. On Ellesmere Island in the Arctic one fossil forest consist of a nearly hundred
                                                                                        A                 B
      large stumps scattered on an exposed coal bed.
                                C                       D

17. The surface conditions on the planet Mars are the more like the Earth’s than are
                                A                                                    B                                C
       those of any other planet in the solar system.
                               D

18. The midnight sun is a phenomenon in which the Sun visible remains in the sky
                                   A                                                              B                   C
       for twenty-four hours or longer.
                                               D  

19. The Humber River and its valley form a major salmon-fishing, lumbering, hunting,
                                           A              B         C
       and farmer region in western Newfoundland, Canada.
                 D

v  Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

A. Structure
1. Jawab            : (C) To meet
    Keyword        : the demands of aerospace

  Pembahasan : Pola infinitive phrase: to infinitive + object of to infinitive  Kalimat tersebut menyatakan tujuan atau maksud. Maka dibutuhkan to infinitive phrase Sehingga pilihan phrase yang tepat untuk mengisi rumpang tersebut adalah to meet.

2. Jawab              : (D) Written by
    Keyword         : James A. Bland

   Pembahasan  : Kalimat di atas membutuhkan Adjective Phrase untuk menerangkan kata benda “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny”. Frasa ajektif yang paling tepat adalah Written by. Mengapa disebut frasa ajektif, karea past participle (v3) yang tidak ditemani bentuk be atau have adalah sebuah ajektif.

3. Jawab            : (D) a popular soprano in
    Keyword        : Mary Garden
    Pembahasan : Kalimat pada soal membutuhkan Appositive Phrase. Mary Garden dan appositive phrase (a popular soprano) memiliki makna yang sama. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah a popular soprano in.
4. Jawab            : (B) Who believed
    Keyword        : a dualist
    Pembahasan : Pola adjective clause : (Conj. + S + V). Untuk menerangkan kata benda a dualist maka klausa yang tepat adalah who believed.

B. Written Expression. 
16. Jawab           : (B) a nearly 
      Keyword       : hundred large stumps

     Pembahasan : a nearly -> nearly Kata “a nearly” tidak memerlukan indefinite article/determiner “a”, karena kata benda stumps adalah plural.

17. Jawab            : (B) The more 

      Keyword        : the planet Mars
     Pembahasan : the more -> more Pola comparative: more ___ than ___ Maka seharusnya tidak perlu definite article “the” tapi cukup “more” saja.
18. Jawab            : (B) visible remains
      Keyword        : the sun
   Pembahasan : visible remains -> remains visible Kata the sun dalam anak kalimat di atas memerlukan predicate bukan noun phrase (visible remains). Yang tepat seharusnya remains visible.
19. Jawab            : (D) farmer
      Keyword        : and
    Pembahasan : farmer -> farming Konjungsi and digunakan untuk menghubungkan kelas kata yang sederajat. Karena sebelum “and” bentuk  katanya adalah gerund maka kata farmer seharusnya diubah dalam bentuk gerund juga yaitu farming.